COPENHAGUE, Assemblée des mouvements sociaux

 Au Klimaforum (forum alternatif) s’est tenue ce 13 décembre l’assemblée des mouvements sociaux, qui a réuni certainement plus de mille personnes, dans une ambiance joyeuse, fraternelle et combative. 

Ce sont les mouvements de base qui se sont exprimés, depuis tous les continents, soulignant que pour beaucoup, la lutte contre le changement climatique est une question de survie : paysans de Via Campesina, peuples indigènes du monde entier,  associations africaines, autant d’ONG et associations rassemblées dans le réseau Climate Justice Now ! Avec la présence de la caravane Genève-Copenhague, pour rappeler que les règles du commerce doivent être changées et qu’elles constituent une pièce centrale des politiques à mettre en œuvre pour le changement climatique. Nous sommes là très loin du Bella Center et de la conférence officielle arrêtée ce dimanche : la crise climatique n’est plus l’abstraction qui planne sur des chiffres, sigles et toutes sortes de quantification, elle est ramenée à sa dimension sociale, humaine et culturelle. 

La manifestation du 12 décembre a été saluée par tous comme un immense espoir, une combativité renouvelée, un moment certainement historique pour le mouvement altermondialiste. 

Attac Danemark est intervenue pour faire le bilan de la manifestation et dénoncer les interpellations «préventives» de la police danoise qui agissent comme une intimidation pour les manifestations et tendent à en criminaliser le contenu. 

Attac France est intervenue sur la position de l’Union européenne dans les négociations qui peut se résumer autour de quatre points et sur les marchés du carbone: 

 

1- Si l’Union européenne était au départ favorable à un traité contraignant dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto, avec des engagements de réduction pour les pays industrialisés, elle se range de fait aujourd’hui derrière la position des USA qui refusent un traité contraignant pour les pays de l’annexe 1 (pays riches). Et ceci contre les demandes renouvelées du G77 d’un traité juridiquement contraignant. 

 

2- L’Union européenne a annoncé qu’elle s’engagerait sur une diminution des émissions à hauteur de 23% entre 1990 et 2020. Elle a donc abandonné la promesse de passer à 30% de réduction si d’autres pays s’engageaient. (propositions nouvelles du G77 plus la Chine : 52% de réduction d’émissions 1990-2017, 65% en2020, 80% en 2030 et 100% en 2050, pour arriver à un réchauffement maximum de 1.5°C.

 

3- L’Union européenne propose un financement d’urgence de 2,4 milliards d’euros d’ici 2012, ce qui soulève la colère des pays du Sud, d’autant plus qu’il n’y a aucune annonce sérieuse d’engagement financier à plus long terme

 

4- Cette faiblesse des financements publics illustre la priorité donnée aux marchés du carbone pour assurer le financement de la lutte contre le changement climatique.  Nous sommes opposés aux marchés du carbone, car ils sont inefficients et contre-productifs, car ils augmentent les opportunités de spéculation financière, parce que, grâce aux mécanisme de compensation, ils permettent aux pays riches d’atteindre leurs objectifs sans changer fondamentalement leur système. Notre air n’est pas à vendre ! Notre monde n’est pas à vendre !

 

 

Quelques repères pour comprendre les discussions sur la nature du texte attendu de Copenhague

 

 

Vendredi 11 décembre dans la journée, ont circulé deux textes qui sont proposés pour les négociations entre les Parties (COP, conférence des parties). Ces textes sont distribués par le président du AWG-LCA (Ad-hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action) et le président du AWG-KP ( Ad-hoc Working Group on the Kyoto Protocol).

 

Que sont ces groupes ? 

 

Chaque année se tient la conférence des Parties de la Convention pour les changements climatiques de l’ONU (UNFCCC, 1992). La conférence de Copenhague est la 15ième, d’où COP 15. À Bali en 2007 (COP 13), fut décidé le Plan d’action de Bali, devant aboutir en décembre 2009. 

 

À Copenhague, il y a deux différentes lignes de négociations : une négociation pour les parties qui ont signé le protocole de Kyoto (KP), et une négocaition pour toutes les parties de la Convention. D'où les deux textes proposés, qui sont seulement pour l'instant des squelettes à remplir. 

 

AWG-KP :  en 2005, les parties ayant signé le protocole de Kyoto (2005-2012) ont décidé d’initier un processus pour une deuxième période d’engagement après 2012. Le protocole de Kyoto est un traité qui doit être ratifié par les parlements, donc la date de fin 2009 doit permettre, si cet engagement est poursuivi, d’assurer la continuité pour après 2012. 

 

AWG-LCA : lors de la conférence de Bali fut décidé d’arriver à un accord pour appliquer la Convention en 2009. 

 

Les États-Unis, l’Australie, le Canada, et aujourd’hui l’Union européenne, souhaitent sortir de Copenhague avec un seul texte, ce qui revient à abandonner le protocole de Kyoto dans son caractère contraignant pour les pays industrialisés.  

 

En même temps, plusieurs pays du Sud ont également préparé des projets de texte, dont un de la Chine, soutenu par Inde, Afrique du Sud, Brésil (http://medias.lemonde.fr//mmpub/edt/doc/20091210/1278666_2b8e_thebeijingdraftok.pdf).

 

Un autre document a été écrit aussi par les pays les moins avancés, ainsi qu’un texte des pays africains et enfin un texte de l’Aliance des États insulaires. Un effort de coordination entre ces propositions est en cours. 

 

Ci-dessous (en anglais, non disponible en français), le texte de la Bolivie pour la conférence des Parties)

 

 

 Submission on behalf of the Plurinational State of Bolivia

Shared Vision for Long term Cooperative Action

 

The Conference of Parties,

1. Recognizing that human beings are part of an interdependent system with which we must live together in harmony and balance while respecting the rights of all;

2. Recognizing the need to achieve not merely peace among humanity but to restore equilibrium and harmony to nature by defending everything that has life and gives life;  

3. Acknowledging that we have followed the laws of humanity while violating the fundamental laws of nature giving rise to climate change and other forms of ecological destruction;

4. Believing that to achieve the realization of human rights and human dignity it is necessary to recognize and defend the rights of Mother Earth;

5. Recognizing that access to and use of the Earth’s atmosphere and climate system is necessary for the realization of human rights including the right to development, and that atmospheric space should be fairly shared between all countries and peoples;

6. Recalling that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has recognized that global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values;

7. Noting that the majority of the historical emissions contributing to current atmospheric concentrations and to current and committed future warming originated in the developed countries;

8. Recognizing that the past, current and proposed future emissions by and for developed countries are limiting and will further limit access to and use by developing countries of an equitable share of the atmospheric space required for their development;

9. Affirming that by over-consuming the available capacity of the Earth’s atmosphere and climate system to absorb greenhouse gases the developed countries have run up an “emissions debt” to developing countries;

10. Recognizing further that current levels of warming are damaging forest, mountain and other ecosystems, melting snow and glaciers, thinning ice sheets, causing the oceans to rise and acidify, threatening coral reefs and intensifying droughts and floods, fires and extreme weather events and that these adverse effects threaten to worsen as the warming already committed in the Earth’s systems takes effect;

11. Recognizing that the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change are developing countries and that climate impacts are already imposing substantial and rising costs, damages and setbacks to development thereby undermining the rights and aspirations of developing countries to development;

12. Acknowledging that climate change has caused and is causing increasing adverse impacts to indigenous peoples, local communities and other vulnerable groups and that the human rights, including the inherent rights of indigenous peoples as affirmed in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other instruments, must be respected in all efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change;

13. Affirming that the historical emissions of developed countries are causing disproportionate harm to developing countries and that developed countries are thus responsible for compensating developing countries for their contribution to these adverse effects as part of an “adaptation debt” owed by developed countries to developing countries;

14. Recognizing that developed countries emissions debts and adaptation debts together constitute a climate debt, which in turn is part of a broader ecological debt reflecting the environmental footprint, excessive consumption of resources, materials and energy and contribution to declining biodiversity and ecosystem services;

15. Emphasizing that further delay by developed countries parties in addressing their excessive emissions and consumption, and reducing and repaying their climate debts to the developing countries, and significantly constrain opportunities to achieve lower stabilization levels of greenhouse gases and increase the risk of more severe climate change impacts; 

16. Seeking to ensure the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention through long-term cooperative action; 

Decides as follows:

17. All parties shall enhance their contribution to long-term cooperative action to combat climate change with a shared vision which is based and in fulfillment of the objective and principles of the Convention in particular common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, equity and historical responsibility.

18. The shared vision is for long-term cooperative action, which is comprised of a range of essential elements including:

1. Enhanced implementation by developed countries of their commitments to enable developing countries to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change and to meet the costs its adverse effects, in accordance with Articles 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.7 and 4.8;
2. Enhanced implementation by developed countries of their commitments to implement policies and measures that demonstrate they are taking the lead in modifying longer-term trends in anthropogenic emissions consistent with the objective of the Convention established in Article 2, in accordance with Article 4.2;
3. Enhanced implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to the provision to developing countries of financial resources in accordance with Articles 4.1, 4.3, 4.4. 4.5 and 4.7, including through the provision of full costs for the implementation by developing countries of commitments relating to the communication of information related to implementation under Article 12.1 and the provision of agreed full incremental costs of implementation of commitments included in Article 4.1 of the Convention;
4. Enhanced implementation by developed countries of their commitments relation to the development and transfer of technology and the enhancement of endogenous technologies and capacities in developing countries, in accordance with Articles 4.1, 4.3, 4.4. 4.5 and 4.7; 
5. Enhanced action by developing countries to mitigate climate change including through voluntary nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the context of sustainable development, in accordance with Article 4.1 of the Convention, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner; and
6. Changes to the international financial, economic and social system, which drives excessive production and consumption, including the excessive production of greenhouse gas pollution, and perpetuates unfair and unbalanced relations between peoples and between peoples and nature. 

19. A shared vision integrates a set of global goals including a global goal for emission reductions. These include:

1. The equitable allocation atmospheric space between developed countries and developing countries during the period 1750 to 2050 based on the principles of equity and historical responsibility, and the needs of developing countries in order to achieve their economic and social development and poverty eradication;
2. Achievement by Annex I countries that are not party to the Kyoto Protocol of total and domestic emission reductions comparable to those undertaken by Annex I parties to the Kyoto Protocol through a second and subsequent commitment periods;
3. Provision of financial resources by developed countries to developing countries for adaptation, technology transfer, capacity building and mitigation as described in sub-paragraphs (d) to (g) of this paragraph; 
4. Provisions by developed countries of means of implementation to developing countries to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change, to meet the costs of its adverse effects and to repay adaptation debts including through the provision of financial resources by developed countries equivalent to at least 3% of their GNP; 
5. The transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries and enhancement of their endogenous capacities and technologies including through the provision of financial resources by developed countries equivalent to at least 1% of their GNP;
6. Capacity building to enable the upgrading of developing countries institutional capacities to address climate change and its adverse effects including through the provision of financial resources by developed countries equivalent to at least 1% of their GNP;
7. Measures by developing countries to mitigate climate change, including nationally appropriate mitigation actions supported and enabled by developed countries including through the provision of financial resources by developed countries equivalent to at least 1% of their GNP;
8. Identification and removal of all barriers to access to technologies at the most affordable cost and appropriate treatment of intellectual property rights including exclusion of patents on climate related technologies to developing country Parties;
9. Capacity building for developed countries to enable them to reduce their high per-person greenhouse gas emissions, to live in harmony with nature and to reduce their climate and ecological debts to developing countries and nature; and
10. Quantified changes to the unsustainable patterns of consumption and production by developed countries.

20. Subject to the fulfillment of the global goals established in paragraph 19, and in order to achieve the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevent dangerous interference with the climate system, the parties will seek to return greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to well below 300ppm CO2eq with a view to returning concentrations to levels as close as possible to pre-industrial levels in the longer-term, and to limit the average global temperatures to well below 1°C with a view to returning temperatures to levels as close as possible to pre-industrial levels in the longer-term.

21. Achieving the shared vision requires reversing the trend of increasing global greenhouse gas emissions through a just, comprehensive and science-based approach. It calls for:

1. Agreement on the equitable allocation of global atmospheric space between developed and developing countries;
2. The deepest possible reduction of emissions from domestic sources by developed countries; and
3. Adequate and timely provision of financial resources and transfers of technology to developing countries to enable and support their measures to mitigate emissions, including nationally appropriate mitigation actions.

22. Achieving an equitable allocation of global atmospheric space between developed and developing countries is determined by:

1. An agreed global emission budget between the period [1750][1900] to 2050;
2. An agreed methodology for sharing the global emissions budget among developed and developing countries reflecting cumulative historical and/or per-person annual emissions and the needs of developing countries to achieve economic and social development and poverty eradication; and
3. The allocation, based on this methodology, of total and domestic assigned amounts to Annex I parties under the Kyoto Protocol and targets for a comparable effort for Annex I parties that are not party to the Kyoto Protocol.

23. For this purpose, developed countries shall take on total and domestic commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that reflect an equitable allocation of atmospheric space and address the needs of developing countries. Developed countries shall ensure that:

1. Their greenhouse gas emissions do not exceed their total assigned amounts, with a view to modify longer-term trends in global greenhouse gas emissions consistent with the objectives of the Convention and enabling developed countries to repay their emissions debt to developing countries; and
2. Their greenhouse gas emissions from domestic sources do not exceed their assigned domestic amounts, with a view to ensuring that their overall domestic emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced by a minimum of 49% by 2017 to enable developing countries to have access to adequate atmospheric space to achieve economic and social development and poverty eradication.

24. A developed country may, with the agreement of other parties, meet the difference between its total assigned amount and its assigned domestic amount by the provision of financial resources and the transfer of technology through mechanisms operating under the authority of the UNFCCC, in the context of its commitment to provide the agreed full incremental costs of actions by developing countries under the Convention.

25. The implementation by developed countries of their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and to provide the agreed full incremental costs of actions by developing countries to implement their commitments under the Convention, shall together enable parties to reverse the trend of increasing global greenhouse gas emissions, and to ensure that global greenhouse gas emissions peak before 2015 at the latest and decline thereafter.

26. Developed countries shall further ensure that they reduce their net domestic greenhouse gas emissions by more than 100% before 2040 through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from sources and enhancement of greenhouse gas removals by sinks.  

27. Developed countries shall not resort to any form of unilateral climate related-measures including border adjustment measures and tariffs against the goods and services of developing countries on climate-related grounds as such measures violate the principles and provisions of the Convention including those related to common and differentiated responsibilities, trade and climate change and the relation between mitigation actions of developing countries and provision of finance and technology by developed countries.

28. Developed countries shall not take actions to deal with environmental challenges including taxation or imposing levies on the services or sectors of developing countries (e.g. aviation/maritime) or environmental measures addressing trans-boundary or global environmental problems unless such measures have been agreed to by international consensus and are in coherence with the principles and provisions of the Convention.

29. The inherent rights of indigenous peoples as affirmed in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other instruments must be respected in all efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

30. The extent to which developing countries will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed countries of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology.